To protect the city, its environs and the outlying properties of the colonists over 40 castles and fortified tower houses were erected in the immediate vicinity of Dublin.
These bastions were further complimented by an outer ring of fortifications which lined those counties surrounding Dublin where English rule held certain sway; an area known as the Pale. By 1592, the Elizabethan Conquests had secured much of the country and it was only then considered safe enough to erect the new university, Trinity College, a good half kilometre outside the city walls. This marked the beginning of Dublin's expansion.
The Coming of the Age of Enlightenment
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